![]() These findings indicate predictive validity of the PDS with lower LDL-C, and reasonable concurrent validity of the PDS as assessed by an FFQ against a 7DDR. The Bland–Altman plot showed reasonable agreement between the score from the FFQ and 7DDR. ![]() The correlation between the PDS from the FFQ and 7DDR was 0.69 (95% CIs: 0.48, 0.85). This handout has information on the portfolio eating plan which is a pattern of eating that has been shown to lower cholesterol. The change in PDS was inversely associated with change in LDL-C (β coefficients: −0.01 mmol/L (95% confidence intervals (CIs): −0.02, −0.002 p = 0.02). The PDS determined from each diet assessment method was used to derive correlation coefficients and Bland–Altman plots to assess the between-method agreement. Concurrent validity was assessed in a subset of participants ( n = 50) who completed the FFQ and a 7-day diet record (7DDR) at baseline. Predictive validity was assessed using change in the PDS measured by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and concomitant change in LDL-C from baseline to six months using multiple linear regression, adjusted for potential confounders ( n = 652). Emma Tyler breaks down the Portfolio Diet into a simple to understand and easy to follow cholesterol lowering and healthy eating plan that anyone can use to lower their cholesterol and lose additional body weight and improve their overall health and wellness. To support examinations between Portfolio Diet adherence and disease, a Portfolio Diet score (PDS) was developed and its predictive and concurrent validity was assessed within the Toronto Healthy Diet Study, a six-month RCT in overweight adults. In her new book, Complete Guide to the Portfolio Diet: A Beginners Guide & 7-Day Meal Plan for Lower Cholesterol, Dr. It is not known if these beneficial effects translate to a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The research was partially supported by the NHLBI.The Portfolio Diet, a plant-based portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods, has been shown to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and other cardiovascular risk factors, in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The amount needed for the Portfolio diet can only be achieved by eating foods specially fortified with plant stanols and sterols such as spreads, juices. The authors conclude the Portfolio Diet, which is similar to recommendations from other heart-healthful meal plans, like Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) or a Mediterranean-style diet, provides people with another dietary template to reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease. In that study, the patients received a tailored dietary counselling mainly based on the Mediterranean diet and the Portfolio diet (43), combined with a. No associated risk reductions were found for stroke or atrial fibrillation, an irregular heart rhythm. The Portfolio Diet significantly lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and several other cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in. The researchers found that women who ate a higher proportion of Portfolio Diet foods had an 11%, 14%, and 17% lower risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and heart failure, respectively, compared to those with a lower adherence to the plant-based style of eating. Monounsaturated fats, such as avocado or olive oil, were favored over saturated fat and cholesterol, including high-fat dairy products or red and processed meats. Women received higher points for eating plant protein (such as peas and beans) viscous “feel full” fiber (including oranges, pears, and zucchini) nuts and seeds and phytosterols, protective compounds found in the walls of plants. Effect of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods given at 2 levels of intensity of dietary advice on serum lipids in hyperlipidemia. Stradling C, Thomas GN, Hemming K, Taheri S, Taylor S, Ross J, Das S. Therefore, they connected with 123,330 postmenopausal women, ages 50-79, from the Women’s Health Initiative and assessed how their food intake, measured over about 15 years, fit into the Portfolio Diet recommendations. The mediterranean portfolio diet in HIV dyslipidaemia: a randomized controlled trial. ![]() However, they didn’t have data about how the diet overlapped with cardiovascular disease. Researchers knew the dietary template, which is based on eating fruits, vegetables, beans, nuts, seeds, and healthful sources of fat, helped adults lower cholesterol and other inflammatory markers. The Portfolio Diet, a plant-based eating pattern that helps improve cholesterol, is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and heart failure, according to a study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association.
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![]() ![]() Blueprint Controller - IKEA E1524/E1810 TRÅDFRI Wireless 5-Button Remote generated invalid automation with inputs OrderedDict(), OrderedDict())]), OrderedDict()]), (‘action_button_left_long’, )]), (‘action_button_center_short’, ), OrderedDict(), OrderedDict(), OrderedDict(), OrderedDict())]), OrderedDict()])]): Integration ‘’ not found.The unit has smooth surfaces and rounded edges that make it appealing. Blueprint Controller - IKEA E1524/E1810 TRÅDFRI Wireless 5-Button Remote generated invalid automation with inputs OrderedDict(), OrderedDict())]), OrderedDict()]), (‘action_button_left_long’, )]), (‘action_button_center_short’, ), OrderedDict(), OrderedDict(), OrderedDict(), OrderedDict())]), OrderedDict()])]): Integration ‘’ not found. At first glance, KALLAX is a simple shelving unit, but its based on a love for details.Blueprint Controller - IKEA E1524/E1810 TRÅDFRI Wireless 5-Button Remote generated invalid automation with inputs OrderedDict(), OrderedDict())]), OrderedDict()]), (‘action_button_center_short’, ), OrderedDict(), OrderedDict(), OrderedDict(), OrderedDict(), OrderedDict())]), OrderedDict()]), (‘action_button_right_short’, )]), (‘action_button_up_short’, ), OrderedDict(), OrderedDict()])]): Integration ‘’ not found.You can place it on the floor, on a wall or as a room-divider to completely transform your living area. ![]() Integration: Automation ( documentation, issues)įirst occurred: 18:32:12 (16 occurrences) KALLAX is stylish and simple but it does many things. Source: components/automation/ init.py:651 In partnership with Tuya Smart, millions of its lighting, electrical, and sensing products in dozens of types have been rolled out to popular distribution channels. Not sure if its me or what but new to HA and still learning.įound that I was creating the actions in the blueprint, but sometimes it doesn’t work - I note that the automation has then been deleted and this in the log file. Calex is a famous lighting brand in Netherlands. ![]() You can obtain the system requirements for, as well as purchase, this InDesign plugin through the Q2ID for InDesign CS6 product page. Q2ID for InDesign CS6 is available immediately at the Q2ID Store online. System Requirements, Pricing and Availability: An attempt to download a free version of Q2ID For CS6 from unknown external sources may be unsafe and in some cases illegal. We cannot confirm if there is a download of this software available. In the design world, precision is everything and that is what you get from this software – 99% accurate results in my experience." It was available to download from the developer's website when we last checked. Furthermore, you can find the Troubleshooting Login Issues section which can answer your unresolved problems and equip you with a lot of relevant information. Q2ID actually does what it says it's going to do and, even better, does it seamlessly. Adobe Indesign Cs6 Mac Download LoginAsk is here to help you access Adobe Indesign Cs6 Mac Download quickly and handle each specific case you encounter. Tony Anni, Marketing Director, Sponge-Jet said, "It's not often that you get everything you expect from a piece of software. Supported Applications: Runs on Adobe InDesign CC, CS6, CS5. One (1) Year Subscription starts on date of purchase, not on date of installation. Q2ID for InDesign CS6 eliminates the need to recreate the contents of a QuarkXPress file within Adobe InDesign and the latest version, Q2ID for CS6, has been seamlessly integrated with the latest release of Adobe InDesign CS6. Q2ID can convert QuarkXPress documents created on either the Microsoft Windows or Apple Macintosh OS, into Macintosh Adobe InDesign. Markzware Q2ID v6 for WIN supports Adobe InDesign CS6 on the Windows platform. Markzware a proven, leading developer and provider of data conversion and preflight technology for Adobe InDesign, QuarkXPress and Microsoft Publisher, announces the release of Q2ID for CS6 (InDesign plugin to convert QuarkXPress to InDesign CS6). ![]() This paper also presents an insight to the ransomware threat and provides a basic review of the methods and techniques used in the detection and analysis of ransomware attacks. ![]() ![]() As a result of the study, potential information about the attacker were found to be accessible through characteristic behavior analysis of the onion ransomware, which was analyzed in accordance with the proposed method. In this study, an effective detection and analysis method against ransomware was proposed, and the proposed method was discussed in detail with a case study. Although security mechanisms such as firewalls, anti-virus programs, and automated analysis programs have been developed to combat this threat, these mechanisms have little success and fail to protect the valuable assets stored in local or cloud storage resources. Ransomware infiltrate victim systems in various ways, usually encrypt files in the system, and demand a ransom to allow user access to the encrypted files again. Recently, the attackers have started to use ransom software (ransomware) as an effective method of cyberattack because of their profitability. While information technologies grow and propagate worldwide, malwares have modified and risen their efficiency towards information system. A close examination on the file system activities of multiple ransomware samples suggests that by looking at I/O requests and protecting Master File Table (MFT) in the NTFS file system, it is possible to detect and prevent a significant number of zero-day ransomware attacks. For example, we show that by monitoring abnormal file system activity, it is possible to design a practical defense system that could stop a large number of ransomware attacks, even those using sophisticated encryption capabilities. Our analysis also suggests that stopping advanced ransomware attacks is not as complex as it has been previously reported. In fact, our analysis reveals that in a large number of samples, the malware simply locks the victim’s computer desktop or attempts to encrypt or delete the victim’s files using only superficial techniques. Our results show that, despite a continuous improvement in the encryption, deletion, and communication techniques in the main ransomware families, the number of families with sophisticated destructive capabilities remains quite small. We also provide a holistic view on how ransomware attacks have evolved during this period by analyzing 1,359 samples that belong to 15 different ransomware families. In this paper, we present the results of a long-term study of ransomware attacks that have been observed in the wild between 20. offers pretty thorough tutorial videos available for free online.Įach time the application starts the user is taken to the Song List page, which keeps track of the different songs the user is working on, or has finished. Most users should have no trouble learning the application quickly, and MasterWriter Inc. Some of the tools in the application may seem a bit foreign at first, but overall it has a very small learning curve. (Joshua Philipp/The Epoch Times) The Workspace NEW TRENDS: The 'Pop-Culture' tab in MasterWriter 2.0 includes a database of 11,000 icons from American and world culture, and connects directly with. Among its users are Grammy award-winning songwriter Gwen Stefani from No Doubt, 14-time Grammy award-winning songwriter David Foster, and songwriter Graham Nash from Crosby Stills & Nash. It also links up with Songuard, which allows users to register their work prior to getting an official copyright.Īlthough lesser known in the mainstream market, MasterWriter 2.0 has a strong user-base in the professional sphere. To help in the creative process, it includes a light audio recording tool, complete with drum beats and loop features. The application works as a top-to-bottom place for composing songs and poems, finding words, and sketching out ideas. This review is of MasterWriter 2.0 for songwriters and poets, which is a version tailored for writing lyrics and poetry. There are two different versions of MasterWriter 2.0-one for creative writers and one for songwriters and poets. It not only includes highly polished versions of more common tools, but it also features some tools found nowhere else, and the interface allows for a seamless flow between research and writing. ![]() Think of it as an advanced digital word finder, dictionary, and thesaurus-only different. ![]() ![]() There are few applications like MasterWriter 2.0 on the market. ![]() "COMP_LONG_NAME_CHANGE" 58135037 "Gazprom Youth Football League" "" "COMP_LONG_NAME_CHANGE" 58135036 "Russian Youth Championship" "" "COMP_SHORT_NAME_CHANGE" 147031 "Russkiy regional'nym Кubka" "" "COMP_LONG_NAME_CHANGE" 147031 "Russkiy regional'nym Kubka" "" "COMP_SHORT_NAME_CHANGE" 8053978 "Superkubok Rossii" "" "COMP_LONG_NAME_CHANGE" 8053978 "Olimp Superkubok Rossii" "" "COMP_SHORT_NAME_CHANGE" 130694 "Kubok Rossii" "" "COMP_LONG_NAME_CHANGE" 130694 "Betcity Kubok Rossii" "" "COMP_LONG_NAME_CHANGE" 8051008 "Olimp Russian Professional Football League" "" "COMP_LONG_NAME_CHANGE" 130487 "Olimp-Russian Football Championship" "" The fix will apply the next time you start FM20. Open the fix file in a text editor such as Notepad, search for the name you want to change, change it, and save. If your opinion for a name change isn't widely accepted, it's advised to change the name yourself. Type: ~/Library/Application Support/Steam/steamapps/common/Football Manager 20xx and press “Go” or hit enterĭon't agree with a name? You can change it.Press CMD + Shift + G on your keyboard to open the “Go to folder” window.Mac users who have trouble locating their Application Support folder, please follow these steps: Where is Application Support folder on Mac OS X I applied the fix, but I'm still seeing some wrong club names.ĭuring career game set up, you will still see incorrect names for three Spanish clubs, but once you select your club and start playing, the names will be correct. ![]() You need to start a new save AFTER applying this fix (in full), for Brazilian team names to be correct. That is due to certain dbc files that affect them when you save your game for the first time. How to fix?Įven though Brazilian club names are fixed in our files, the game will continue to show the 3-letter name instead of the full name. Feel free to send a PM to Stam or to pr0.īrazilian clubs have three-letter names and Juventus is called Zebre in my game. We welcome everyone to suggest and contribute changes to this name fix. I want to help with proper real names for my country. And if it was before 20.1.0, do it to the 2001 folder.įor reference, the folder structure of the path you need to apply the fix is as follows: IMPORTANT: If your saved game was started before the 20.4.0 patch, you need to apply this fix to the 2030 folder as well! Likewise, if your save was started before the 20.3.0 patch, do this to the 2010 folder too. Open the game and enjoy Football Manager 2020 with real names.This will prevent Brazilian clubs from reverting to 3-letter names and will allow certain kits to be visible again. This will fix Juventus from getting renamed to Zebre and prevent fake staff for them. Again go 2 folders back, this time to find the dbc folder.This will fix Niko Kovač from getting renamed to Max Freund, and Oliver Kahn from getting renamed to Jens Freund. Open it and then enter the permanent sub-folder. Go 2 folders back to find the edt folder.Move FM20 Fix by FMScout.lnc and FM20 Club Names by FMScout.lnc inside this all folder.Delete all files you can find in there, particularly the following 3 files:.Open the lnc folder and then enter the all sub-folder.Users//Library/Application Support/Steam/steamapps/common/Football Manager 2020/database/data/db/2040/ \Program Files (x86)\Steam\steamapps\common\Football Manager 2020\data\database\db\2040\ Mac: Extract the contents of the pack you downloaded from here to a temporary location.Real Names Fix Instructions How to fix fake competition and club names in FM 2020 If you find errors in translation / names or need a fix for other club / league / competition names, please post a comment below and I'll try my best to update these files. For FM20, Stam is joined by pr0 who will ensure Club Names are as accurately updated as possible. After a 1-year hiatus, Stam resumed work from the 2017 version. This license fix was originally created by DanielFM in 2013-2014 and maintained by Stam during 2015-2017. ![]() It supports agile development processes using unit testing, refactoring, code coverage and profiling. It features a set of editing, debugging, analysis, optimization and database tools. The new version of Zend Studio is highly enterprise-focused. ![]() Zend Studio is a commercial implementation of that technology integrated with the Zend Platform. The PDT is one of the more popular projects of the Eclipse Foundation, which has reported more than 250,000 downloads since its September 2007 launch. Zend Studio is an IDE built on the tools and frameworks of the open source Eclipse PHP Development Tools (PDT) project. The next version is due at the end of the first quarter of 2008. The company claims more than three million downloads of the framework to date. The project is lead by Zend, and it's available under the New BSD License. The Zend Framework is an open source, object-oriented Web-app framework implemented in PHP 5. Apps built for the Zend Platform generally use the model-view-controller design pattern, he explained, which enables a separation of business logic and data from the user interface elements. It also added the ability to scale apps across clusters of servers.Ī new URL-based caching capability in Zend Platform will markedly improve the performance of applications built for the Zend Framework, Gutmans said. Zend added caching functionality for preoptimized PHP byte code and content. The new version also adds the ability to monitor HTTP, Apache and Java events. It enables a "holistic view" of performance management, according to Gutmans, reporting on script errors, performance issues and problems with the database. The new Zend Platform is designed to monitor PHP apps in real time. TIOBE Software's Programming Community Index now ranks PHP ahead of C++ on its popularity index. PHP (PHP Hypertext Preprocessor) is one of the most popular dynamic scripting languages and seems to be making serious inroads into the enterprise. "And together, they show an increase in enterprise readiness. "We did the two releases together because they're synergistic technologies," said Andi Gutmans, Zend's cofounder and co-CTO. Zend Technologies launched its PHP-based Web application server, Zend Platform 3.6, as a general-availability product, while simultaneously announcing the immediate availability of Zend Studio for Eclipse, its IDE plug-in for PHP development. News Zend Offers PHP App Server and Dev Tools Organised by Dr Pia Gottschaller (The Courtauld). Over the past decade, Martin has developed an unmistakable aesthetic combining abstract movement with figurative stenciled compositions. He is a contributing editor to Artforum. Among his most recent project are the VR exhibition Electric (Frieze New York, 2019) and the AR exhibitions Mirage (2020) at Beijing’s UCCA and The Looking Glass (with Emma Enderby) at New York’s The Shed and The High Line (2021). Martin Whatson (b.1984) is a Norwegian street artist best known for his calligraphic scribbles in grayscale voids. In 2008 he organized 50 Moons of Saturn in Torino and in 2009 he was director of the 53rd Venice Biennial. He was co-curator of the 50th Venice Biennale (2003), the 1st Moscow Biennial (2005), Airs de Paris (with Christine Macel) at the Centre Pompidou (2007), the 2nd Yokohama Triennial (2008), and Zero at Martin Gropius Bau (2015). Between 20 he was the director of Moderna Museet in Stockholm. He has been a member of the board of directors of Frankfurt’s Institut für Sozialforschung as well as of Nobel Media, which organizes all events and productions surrounding the Nobel prizes. From 2000 to 2010 he was rector of the Städelschule in Frankfurt and director of its Portikus gallery. He is professor of philosophy at the Städelschule in Frankfurt and the author of numerous books on art and critical theory. He is director of London’s Acute Art, a laboratory exploring art and technology. Professor Daniel Birnbaum is a curator and writer. The first large AR show I staged was Unreal City. They were also installed on Cork Street in October. These works are triggered by the QR the codes in the journal Catalogue. Our most recent AR projects were launched in London: Koo Jeong A’s OLO, Precious Okyomon’s Ultra Light Beams of Love, and Lune by Julie Curtiss. Soon we moved on to augmented reality works that have been displayed across the world, from Beijing to Buenos Aires. It started with VR works by Marina Abramović, Anish Kapoor, Jeff Koons and Ai Weiwei. Art institutions will be transformed and collectors of art have discovered the world of unique digital objects, so-called NFTs.Įxactly how will today’s visual media - AR, VR and Mixed Reality - expand the ways we experience art? Will the virtual turn change art itself, just like photographic techniques and mass distribution once altered our understanding of what an artwork can be? Walter Benjamin’s influential 1935 essay on mechanical reproduction opens with a quote from French poet Paul Valéry: ‘We must expect great innovations to transform entire techniques of the arts, thereby affecting artistic innovation itself and perhaps even bringing about amazing change in our very notion of art.’Ī little more than two years ago, I left my job as head of Moderna Museet in Stockholm, an institution with a strong art and technology legacy, to join Acute Art, a London initiative exploring new immersive media in collaboration with some of today’s key artists. This balance has come to define his creative approach.New technologies are taking over the planet. The evolution moved him closer to a simple yet effective aesthetic he believed could bridge the gap between the passion and spontaneity Graffiti held for him, with the fragility and transience of nature. In the early 2000s, this interest in layers became more literal with the introduction of stencils into his work. The physical architecture of the city was a constant inspiration. ![]() Growing up in Oslo Norway, Martin was an active part of the emerging graffiti scene of the early 90’s which at the time maintained zero tolerance. His works can be seen to mirror the rise and fall of the streets, as he symbolically recreates the urban environment, then vandalises it to reveal his vibrant transformations. Over the past decade, Martin has developed an unmistakable aesthetic combining abstract movement with figurative stencilled compositions. Martin Whatson is a Norwegian street artist best known for his calligraphic scribbles in grayscale voids. ![]() For example, you can customize the bitrate, frame rate, encoder, and channel of the output file. It's worth noting that the output audio file can sound as good as in the source video so that you don't worry about any quality loss. In other words, EaseUS Video Converter can convert video to audio, audio to video, video to video, and audio to audio. ![]() This software supports more than 1000 video and audio formats, ranging from popular ones to infrequent ones, and it's able to convert between any two of those formats. If you are finding a competent app, EaseUS Video Converter is the go-to software you can never miss. It's well known that many file converters don't support converting video files to audio. 1. Use EaseUS Video Converter to Convert Video to Audio To help you convert video to audio easily and quickly for free, we will show you how to work out with the EaseUS Video Converter and other apps. How to Convert Video to Audio on Windows 10 PC in Free Ways On this page, we are going to discuss how to convert video to audio on Windows, Mac, and iPhone with different approaches. It's not difficult to extract audio from video as long as you use the right tools. Below are the detailed steps on how to download YouTube video and convert to audio format with ease.Sometimes, you want to convert video to audio and keep the audio file as an MP3 or other formats. Even though it is not free, its versatile functional options are good enough that is definitely worth a download of the YouTube music downloader and converter. No (Only helps to create slideshow with photos)įrom the above table, you can easily draw a conclusion that MacX Video Converter Pro is a comprehensive YouTube converter that not only supports converting YouTube videos to music MP3, AAC, AC3, OGG and other audio files but also convert them to a deluge of devices with fast sped. Make photo slideshow, record on-screen activity and edit video ![]() No (The latest iPhone XR/XS/Max, iPad Pro, etc are unsupported) Yes (30 seconds only when downloading a MV from YouTube)Ĭonvert videos to many other mainstream formats and latest devices No ( not working any more as Google cracks down the site)įast YouTube downloading and converting speed Yes (Constantly upgrade to support the latest YouTube changes) Pros: Easy-to-use, 390+ video & audio codecs, support the latest mobiles, more functions Cons: Not freeĭownload and extract YouTube to audio MP3, AC3, AAC, WMA, OGG, iPhone Ringtones, etc The built-in video download engine, multi-core CPU and hyper-threading technology guarantee a fast YouTube audio conversion, up to 30 seconds when downloading a MV from YouTube. You can easily download YouTube to audio MP3, AAC, AC3, MP4, AVI, MOV, WMV, etc, directly convert HD MKV, MTS, AVCHD, etc to iPhone, iPad, Android and other 420+ devices. It's particularly useful as it bundles YouTube downloader, audio converter, video transcoder, slideshow makers, video recorder and editor into a single program, saving you from having to search around for several solutions when converting to other formats. This program supports more file formats than you can you can shake a stick at but comes with an intuitive interface you will never be confused. Here we've complied the top 3 best YouTube audio extractor that have received the most stars from users as well as other useful YouTube music download and convert tips. But finding an ideal yet free YouTube music converter might take a very roundabout way, either they aren't free totally or come with functional reservation, ads, spyware or malware. Are there any real, legit decent YouTube to audio converter sites that offer a decent, safe application or service? - MacRumorsĪ: There are many reasons why you long for a YouTube audio converter, the most likely of which is that a great number of music videos like the hot Let It Go, Shakira's La La La are posted on YouTube and you want a way to extract the audio podcasts from YouTube so as to listen to them offline on your iPhone iPad without having to purchase those tracks or burn to a CD for entertainment while driving. I tried 2 sites, but had a "unverified security warning" from one site and ended up being a marketing ploy for phone ringtones that you get charged for from the other one. Q: Hi, I am looking for a free reputable YouTube music converter that converts YouTube videos to MP3 files. Scaffolding and instructional scaffolding have become standardized terms within education and early-childhood development. were suggesting: it's set up around a structure that needs shoring up, enables work to progress as necessary, and then is removed when no longer needed. The scaffold is a perfect metaphor for the work that Bruner et al. Bruner, Wood, and Ross, The Role of Tutoring in Problem Solving in The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1976 This scaffolding consists essentially of the adult "controlling" those elements of the task that are initially beyond the learner's capacity, thus permitting him to concentrate upon and complete only those elements that are within his range of competence. ![]() More often than not, it involves a kind of "scaffolding" process that enables a child or novice to solve a problem, carry out a task or achieve a goal which would be beyond his unassisted efforts. Many education specialists wrote about and built on the idea of Vygotsky's "zone." In 1976, Bruner, along with his colleagues David Wood and Gail Ross, released a paper on tutoring in which they referred to the mechanisms of moving students through this zone as "scaffolding":īut the intervention of a tutor may involve much more than this. Students gain knowledge through being guided through this zone. One earlier Soviet scientist, Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, had proposed in one of his works the "zone of proximal development": that there is a place between not knowing something and knowing something where a child's rich but disorganized and spontaneous concepts of life meet the structure and systems of adult reasoning and logic. He was deeply interested in cognition and learning, and much of his published work focuses on this.Įducation was undergoing massive reform in the 20th century as psychologists like Bruner brought their field to bear on educational techniques. ![]() A psychologist, Jerome Bruner is best known now for his contributions to the cognition of learning, and he's considered one of the founding fathers of cognitive psychology. One scientist of the 20th century, Jerome Bruner, made the most of that metaphorical application. Scaffolds are handy things and apt metaphors. The verb scaffold goes back to the 16th century, where it had a more literal meaning: "to furnish with a stand or scaffold." The verb gained a number of extended meanings, including referring to hanging tobacco leaves prior to curing them, or figuratively propping something up ("New Titles may be Scaffolded with Laws," C. Get a vocabulary lesson before school starts. |
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